The problem of measuring software productivity qsm slim. Pdf software development for the chandra xray center data system began in the. Effort estimation in agile software development using. So, measuring software development productivity needs to take into account the. Agile metrics are a crucial part of an agile software development process. Are there known valid uses of sloc to measure productivity. Resolution camera hrc, and the advanced ccd imaging. Productivity measurement is a natural output of function points analysis. More importantly, they can be used to establish a productivity rate i. Detailed cocomo incorporates all qualities of the standard version with an assessment of the cost driver. The software development process at the chandra xray center. Table 2 lists the most common of them in what is considered version 7 of the spr programming languages table. Software productivity trends and issues conference paper.
Sloc is the new and innovative technology for your industry 4. Counting sloc is straightforward when all the code is new. Loc has nothing to do with productivity, bill gates said measuring software productivity by lines of code is like measuring progress on an airplane by how much it weighs. Source lines of code sloc is a software metric frequently used to measure the. Defense innovation board metrics for software development. Since function points are technology independent they can be used as a vehicle to compare productivity across dissimilar tools and platforms. Distribution in many software metrics is typically skewed. In detailed cocomo, the whole software is differentiated into multiple modules, and then we apply cocomo in various modules. These three measures should allow software estimators to assess the amount of variation, the central tendency, and any skew to the distribution of gearing factors for each language. Lines of source code per programmermonth locpm or slocpm is a widely used software productivity metric. What are current trends in software cost estimation. The current state of practice within dod is that software complexity is often estimated based on number of source lines of code sloc, and rate of progress is measured in terms of programmer productivity. Is anyone aware of such a number and who might have asserted this.
Is output per unit of labor or cost increasing or decreasing. Sloc is currently used by many software engineering groups based on the intuitive belief that those large systems have more faults in them than small systems 1. Effort estimation in agile software development using story points evita coelho dept. Sloc source lines of code metrics can be misleading source. Evaluate the appropriateness and completeness of the estimating plan for a software estimate 2 true or false. It is a measure of the amount of product produced per unit of human effort. The detailed model uses various effort multipliers for each cost driver property. Do you really want the interviewer to digress into his daily toil of dealing with sloc and the nonsense that comes along with it, and hit you with a barrage of gems like this.
Software productivity research this is known as the productivity paradox evaluating the economics of a project. The following tables from the economics of software quality show productivity on 10 pbx systems of approximately the same size. You can compute locpm by counting the total number of lines of source code that are delivered, then divide the count by the total time in programmermonths required to complete the project. Illustrative example of a function point analysis for the. Metrics in agile software development can also help a scrumkanban master keep track of their teams wellbeing. Pdf the software development process at the chandra x.
Software productivity systems, software and technology. Source lines of code sloc, also known as lines of code loc, is a software metric used to. Park with the size subgroup of the software metrics definition. Code sloc of a system, using a standard definition. It can be used as a measure of complexity or productivity. Clb023 software cost estimating 1 which of the following is not an example of a consideration for the interfaces and dependencies component of a software estimating plan. Its pretty typical for solid embedded software to come in at between 1 and 2 lines of code loc per developerhour. Software cost estimation using function point with non. Though software development isnt a very old industry, research on software productivity. There is no correlation between loc and productivity here. From some apparently creditable source he had the answer of 10 sloc month but he was not happy with that. A sloc counting standard usccsse university of southern.
Do professional software developers write an average of 10 lines of code per day. Specific definitions of these two measures vary, but the most common definition of physical sloc is a count of lines in the text of the programs source code including comment lines. Do not process, store, or transmit any personally identifiable information pii, unclassified. Our smart devices combine sensor technology, connectivity and energy efficiency with unique onboard algorithms and provide the desired information as a service directly to your itsystem.
In software development terms, productivity is conventionally defined as source lines of code sloc per manmonth. What changes in systems development affect software cost estimation. Measuring software team productivity sutardja center university. If a developer is typing in code all the time then they are really trying different combinations. Its no surprise, therefore, that so few companies and individuals understand that software estimating can be a science, not just an art. Watts humphrey is the creator of the personal software process psp 3. The qsm function point table provides sloc fp language gearing factors for a variety of programming languages. The reality is that only a fraction of a developers time is actually spent writing production code.
Linesofcode productivity sloc manmonths of effort 1. Sloc based models and the function points model page 5 o f 10 estimate of the sloc for a software project written in java would undoubtedly differ from an estimate of the same software in assembly language. I believe that it comes down to the desire to numerically evaluate an inherently complex process so that quantitative comparisons can be made to provide a basis for decision making. Taken together, these suggest an annual growth rate of at least 15 percent for the amount of software being developed and maintained for defense purposes, with 25 percent or more annual growth possible.
Size of product divided by effort to develop the product. Sloc metrics measures the size of your source code based on the physical source lines of code loc metric recommended by the software engineering institute at carnegie mellon university cmusei. Measuring sloc is a good idea and can be handled automatically. We will examine the major changes which have been taking place in recent times. Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of estimation, not only in software development but for almost any project, is the choice regarding one of the two principle estimation strategies to adopt. Super domains are highlevel groupings of software application domains, as shown in. If warranted, risk dollars may be a part of certain elements of the program work breakdown structure pwbs. Pdf the software development process at the chandra xray center. Measuring productivity using the infamous lines of code. They help software teams monitor productivity across workflow stages, access software quality, as well as introduce more clarity to the development process. The analysis dataset can be segregated into different classes called super domains. Abstract calendar year 2017 marks the 30 th anniversary of the.
Loc lines of code, usually referring to noncommentary lines, meaning pure whitespace and lines containing only comments are not included in the metric the number of lines of program code is wonderful metric. There should be no proprietary information contained in this paper. Source lines of code sloc, also known as lines of code loc, is a software metric used to measure the size of a computer program by counting the number of lines in the text of the programs source code. Lines of source code per programmermonth locpm or sloc pm is a widely used software productivity metric. Sloc is typically used to predict the amount of effort that will be required to develop a program, as well as to estimate programming productivity or maintainability once the software is. We will refer to this measure as linesofcode productivity. Everybody always says that they can beat the 10 lines per developer per day from the mythical man month, and starting a project, i can usually get a couple hundred lines in in a day. What i continue to argue and so do most of the answers is that new sloc written is not a good metric for project progress. As of 1996, there were more than 500 languages and major dialects of languages available to software practitioners. Software productivity software engineering 10th edition. You can compute locpm by counting the total number of lines of source code that are delivered, then divide the count by the total time in programmermonths required to. So, just why do we want to measure software productivity without using the root word productive in the answer.
United states army human resources command soldiers first. Consequently it is not possible to find out this higher productivity gain by looking at sloc alone without looking at the rework required for dynamically typed languages. That said, i am looking for data that indicates what reasonable rates for software development given sloc. All these make estimation in agile software development a. In the past few years, the practitioners trend has been to get away from sloc and sdi, and to work based on function points. Its so easy to measure and almost impossible to interpret. If you can implement more requirements near zero sloc increase, your value per line of code increases.
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